Priyanka Tiwari
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Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2022, and around 670,000 lost their lives to the disease. While the vast majority of cases occur in women (about 99%), men can also develop breast cancer, albeit rarely (0.5–1% of cases).
Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast begin to grow abnormally. These cancerous cells usually originate in the milk ducts or the milk-producing lobules. If left untreated, they can spread to other parts of the body, making the disease life-threatening. However, when detected early, breast cancer is highly treatable. That’s why regular screening and early diagnosis play a crucial role in improving survival rates.
Here’s a closer look at the tests that can help detect breast cancer at an early stage:
1. Breast Self-Examination (BSE)
Although not a formal diagnostic test, performing regular self-examinations can help detect early changes in your breasts. Look for lumps, changes in skin texture, nipple discharge, or any other unusual signs. If you notice anything abnormal, consult a doctor for further evaluation.
2. Mammography
Mammography is an X-ray imaging technique used to detect abnormal growths in breast tissue. It is the most common screening tool, particularly for women over 40 or those with a high risk of developing breast cancer. Mammograms can identify early signs of cancer, such as lumps or small calcium deposits (microcalcifications), even before symptoms appear.
3. Ultrasound
A breast ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of breast tissue. It is often recommended when a mammogram reveals an unusual area, helping to determine whether a lump is a solid mass (which could be cancerous) or a fluid-filled cyst (which is usually benign).
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A breast MRI provides highly detailed images using magnetic fields and radio waves. It is typically used for women with a high genetic risk of breast cancer or to assess the extent of the disease in those already diagnosed. MRI scans can also help detect tumors that may not be visible through mammography or ultrasound.
5. Genetic Testing (BRCA1/BRCA2 Mutations)
Certain inherited gene mutations, particularly in BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. If you have a family history of breast cancer, genetic testing can help assess your risk. Women with these gene mutations may need more frequent screenings or preventive measures, such as lifestyle changes or prophylactic surgery.
6. Biopsy
If imaging tests detect an abnormality, a biopsy is performed to confirm whether it is cancerous. This involves taking a small sample of breast tissue for laboratory analysis. A biopsy is the only definitive way to diagnose breast cancer.
7. HER2/neu Testing
Some breast cancer cells produce excessive amounts of the HER2 protein, which promotes aggressive tumor growth. HER2 testing helps determine if a tumor is HER2-positive, in which case targeted therapies may be used to block the protein and slow cancer progression.
Why Early Detection Matters
Early detection of breast cancer significantly increases treatment success and survival rates. Regular screenings, along with self-awareness, can help identify abnormalities before they become severe. If you're at higher risk due to family history or other factors, consult your doctor about the best screening strategy for you.
By staying informed and proactive about breast health, you can take charge of your well-being and improve your chances of early diagnosis and effective treatment.
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